
Foot/End Note list layout: suggested format for Numerical referencing
Books
Author / Editor: if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name.
Title: in italics
Series title and number: if part of a series
Edition: if not the first edition
Place of publication: if there is more than one place listed, use the first named
Publisher
Year of publication
Page numbers (use 'p.' before a single page number and 'pp.' where there are multiple pages)Example 1
Simpson, H., Jones, E. & Miles, C. The History of Springfield. 2nd edition. Derby: Bugle Press, 2002, pp. 26-30.
Journal articles
Author / Editor
Title of journal article
Title of journal: in italics
Year of publication
Volume number
Issue number: in brackets
Page numbers of the article: do not use ‘p.’ before page numbers
Example 1
Picard, J. Logistics and the Borg. Starbug Tribune, 2002, 36 (3): 44-9.
E-journal articles
Author / Editor
Title of journal article
Title of journal: in italics
[Online]
Year of publication
Volume number
Issue number: in brackets
Page numbers of the article: do not use ‘p.’ before page numbers
Available from: Database or URL
[Date of access]Example 1
Smith, B. Time to go Home. Journal of Hyperactivity, [Online] 2005, 6 (4): 122-3. Available from: Pubmed [Accessed 6th June 2002].Example 2
Smith, B. Time to go Home. Journal of Hyperactivity, [Online] 2005, 6 (4): 122-3. Available from: http://www.alu.ac.uk [Accessed 6th June 2002].
Interviews
Broadcast interviews
Name of person interviewed
Interviewed by: Name of interviewer
Title of interview: if any
Title of programme: in italics
Production information
Date and time
Example 1
Kirk, T. Interviewed by: Picard, J. News Night Live, 10pm Channel 6, 24th June 2001.
Personal interviewsName of person interviewed
Interviewed by: Name of interviewer
Date and time
Example 2
Potter, H. Interviewed by: Snape, S. 24th June 2005.
Chapters in books
Author (s) of chapter
Title of chapter
In: Editor (s) of book: always put (ed. / eds.) after the name(s)
Title of book: in italics
Series title and number: if part of a series
Edition: if not the first edition
Place of publication: if there is more than one place listed, use the first named
Publisher
Year of publication
Page numbers: use 'p.' before a single page number and 'pp.' where there are multiple pagesExample 1
Stone, T. Libraries in the Twenty-First Century. In: Woolley, M.(ed.) The Changing World of Information Retrieval. Luton: UOL Press, 2002, pp. 23-45.
Conference proceedings
Published conference proceedings with author or editor(s):
Author / Editor: if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name. If no author or editor is given on the title page the name of the conference is cited first in italics.
Organisation
Title: in italics
Place of publication
Publisher
Date of publication
Page numbers: use 'p.' before a single page number and 'pp.' where there are multiple pagesExample 1
Ryker, W. Federation Council. The astrologics of warp engines. Aberdeen: FCP, 2002, pp. 67-69.Example 2: individual paper from conference proceedings
Grigio, P. Aphides and the Pasqua grape. In: Rosemount, T. WASS. Proceedings of the 5th annual conference. Florida: Florida Press, 2005, pp. 56-78.Unpublished conference proceedings
Author / Editor: if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name. If no author or editor is given on the title page the name of the conference is cited first in italics.
Organisation
Title: in italics
Year of publication
Unpublished conference proceedings
Where the proceedings can be foundExample 3
Ryker, W. Federation Council. The astrologics of warp engines. 2002. Unpublished conference proceedings. Institution of Aerospace, London. p. 34
World Wide Web
Author / Editor: if there is not an obvious author, but the work is situated on an organisational website, the organisation can be used as a 'corporate author'.
Title: in italics
[Online]
Available from: URL
[Date of access]
Example 1
Edelson, S. Asperger's Syndrome. [Online] Available from: http://www.autism.org/asperger.html
[Accessed 19th September 2002].
Personal communication
Name of Practitioner
Occupation
Date the information was providedExample 1
Law, James. Engineering consultant, 26th March 2004.
Books that have been translated
Author / Editor: if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name
Title: in italics
Trans: followed by the name of the person who translated the book
Series title and number: if part of a series
Edition: if not the first edition
Place of publication: if there is more than one place listed, use the first named
Publisher
Year of publication
Page numbers: use 'p.' before a single page number and 'pp.' where there are multiple pages
Example 1
Kawanishi, M. The History of Japan. Trans. Bean, S. Hakodate: Hakodate Publishing, 2002, p. 6.
Reports
Author
Title: in italics
Organisation
Report number: this should be followed by the actual number in figures
Date of publication
Page numbers: use 'p.' before a single page number and 'pp.' where there are multiple pages
Example 1
Leatherwood, S. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the western North Atlantic. U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Report number: 63, 2001, pp. 18-19.
Emails
Sender
Sender's email address: in brackets
Subject of message: in italics
Email to: recipient's name
Recipient's email address: in brackets
Date: in bracketsExample 1
Hornblower, H. ( h.hornblower@HMS.Renown.uk ) Treaty of Luneville. E-mail to: Pellew, C.( c.pellew@HMS.Justinian.uk ), (16/09/05).
Presentations/lectures at conferences/meetings
Author
Title of presentation / lecture
Presented at the conference / meeting title: in italics
Conference / meeting location
YearExample 1
Yoda, M. Code of Ethics for the Jedi: are they outdated? Presented at the Annual Jedi Conference. Coruscant, 2005.Online version
Author
Title of presentation / lecture
Presented at the conference / meeting title: in italics
Conference / meeting location
[Online]
Year
Available from: URL
[Date of access]Example 2
Solo, H. Light speed and prevailing problems, Presented at the School of Aeronautics, London, [Online] 2003. Available from: http://starwars.org.uk [Accessed 20th May 2005].
Books written in a foreign language
Author / Editor: if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name
Title: in italics
[Title in original language]: this should be in italics
Series title and number: if part of a series
Edition: if not the first edition
Place of publication: if there is more than one place listed, use the first named
Publisher
Year of publication
Page numbers: use 'p.' before a single page number and 'pp.' where there are multiple pagesExample 1
Milani, F. The Phantom of the Opera. [Le Fantome De L'Opera] Paris: LeRoux, 2004, pp. 6-13.
White and Green Papers
White and green papers are Government consultation papers to inform the debate on new policy and laws.
Government department
Title: in italics
Paper number
Place of publication
Publisher
Date of publication
Page numbers: use 'p.' before a single page number and 'pp.' where there are multiple pagesExample 1
Department of Health. Choosing Health: making healthier choices easier. CM6374. London: Stationery Office, 2001, p. 5.
Podcasts
Title of podcast: in italics
Date
[Online]
Available from: URL
[Date of access & GMT]: this should include hour, minute & seconds
Example 1
Nature pod cast. 2006. [Online] Available from: http://www.nature.com/environmental/index.html [Accessed 19th April 2006. GMT 07:49:37].
Maps
Author
Title: in italics
Scale
Series title and number: if part of a series
Place of publication: if there is more than one place listed, use the first named
Publisher
Date of publicationExample 1
Geographical Survey of Great Britain. Brighton. 1:50.000. London: AA Publishing, 1972.
E-books
Author / Editor: if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name
Title: in italics
Series title and number: if part of a series
Edition: if not the first edition
[e-book]
Place of publication: if there is more than one place listed, use the first named
Publisher
Year of publication
Page numbers: use 'p.' before a single page number and 'pp.' where there are multiple pages
Available from: database name or URL
[Date of access]Example 1
James, H., Jones, E. & Miles, C. The History of Springfield. 2nd edition. [e-book] Derby: Bugle Press, 2002, pp. 26-30. Available from: http://www.springfieldpublishing.com [Accessed 23rd June 2006]
Statutory instruments
Statutory instruments are the documents detailing the rules written by the Civil Service under powers delegated from Parliament.
Title: in italics
The abbreviation: SI
Statutory Instrument number
Place of publication
Publisher
Date of publication
Page numbers: use 'p.' before a single page number and 'pp.' where there are multiple pages
Example 1
In this example, the full name of the publisher appears after its acronym in brackets.
The Public Contract Regulations 2006. SI 2006/5. London: TSO (The Stationary Office), 2006, pp. 45-46.
Weblogs (Blogs)
Author / Corporate Author: if there is no obvious author, but the work is situated on an organisational website, the organisation can be used as a 'corporate author'.
Title: in italics
Day/Month/Year
Weblog
[Online]
Available from: URL
[Date of access & GMT]: this should include hour, minute & secondsExample 1
Tyler, R. The Mechanical interface of the Tardis. 16/08/2006, Weblog. [Online] Available from: http://www.darlikcity.org/publication3.html [Accessed 19th April 2006. GMT 07:49:37].
Wikis
Wikis are online tools for creating content collaboratively with others. Wikipedia is one example.
Author / Editor / Corporate Author: If there is no author or corporate author use the title of the document as the main point of reference.
Title: in italics
[Online]
Date of last edit: in brackets
Available from: URL
[Date of access & GMT]: this should include hour, minute & secondsExample 1
WikiFido. Dog Breeds. [Online] (2nd June 2007) Available from: http://www.wikifido.com/page/Dog+Breeds [Accessed 10th August 2006. GMT 17:49:37].
Theses
A thesis is the final work produced by PhD and postgraduate students. You may also reference dissertations, project reports, discourses and essays by other student types (including MSc, MA, BSc and BA) using the information below.
Author
Title: in italics
Type of thesis
Academic institution
Date of publication
Page numbers: use 'p.' before a single page number and 'pp.' where there are multiple pagesExample 1
Boddington, C. R. Government in transition: 1989 - 1995. PhD thesis. University of Utopia. 1999, pp. 24-37.
Patents
Author
Title: in italics
Patent number
Patent: in brackets
Date of publication
Page numbers: use 'p.' before a single page number and 'pp.' where there are multiple pagesExample 1
Wetting, W. Fluke board variant of surf board - has extension in shape of lobe of dolphin's tail attached by joint to underside of board. DE4412911-A1 (Patent) 1995, p. 9.
Multimedia
Recordings from the TV
If recorded onto DVD, replace [Video:VHS] with [DVD]
Example 1
World in Action. All work and no play, [Video:VHS] London, ITV, 21st January 2002.Commercial recordings on various media
Example 2
Fragile Earth, 5. South American Wetland:Pantanal, [Video:VHS] Henley: Watchword Video, 1998.Example 3
Management in action, Managing disparate teams. [DVD] Barnsley: OPP publishing, 2004.Example 4
British Diabetic Association. Guidelines on Nutrition, [Audio Cassette] London: BDA, 2005.
CD-ROMs
Author: if no author is available use ' Anon '
Title of information used
CD-ROM title: in italics
[CD-ROM]
Publisher
Year of publicationExample 5
Jones, S. Heart Attack, Encyclopaedia Britannica, [CD-ROM] Mass: Britannica, 2001.
Films
Title of film: in italics
[Film]
Directed by: director
Place of production
Production company
Year
Example 1
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, [Film] Directed by: Chris Columbus. USA: Warner Brothers, 2002.
Standards
Standard Body/Institution
Standard number
Title: in italics
Place of publication: if there is more than one place listed, use the first named
Publisher
Year of publicationExample 1
British Standards Institution, BS 5950-5:1998. Structural use of steelwork in building: code of practice for design of cold formed thin gauge sections. London: BSI, 1998.Example 2
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE, Std 1016-1998. I EEE recommended practice for software design descriptions. New York: IEEE, 1998.
Newspaper articles
Print copy
Reporter: if there is no reporter use the name of the newspaper as a corporate author
Title of article
Title of newspaper: in italics
Day, month and year of publication
Page number(s) of article: use 'p.' before a single page number and 'pp.' when there are multiple pages
Example 1
Klingon, J. Starfleet Command. Startrek News. Friday 3rd October 2002, p. 27.Online copy
Reporter: if there is no reporter use the name of the newspaper as a corporate author
Title of article
Title of newspaper: in italics
[Online]
Day, month and year of publication
Page number(s) of article if available: use 'p.' before a single page number and 'pp.' when there are multiple pages
Available from: URL
[Date of access]Example 2
Paakkinen, Jouni. All Singing, All Dancing. The Springfield Times. [Online] Wednesday 16th October 2002, p. 6. Available from: http://www.snpp.com/news.html#songbook [Accessed 15th November 2002].