Welcome to SMIRK Unit 5
Numerical referencing


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What is it?

Referencing is a way of acknowledging that you have used the ideas and written material belonging to another author. It demonstrates that you have undertaken an appropriate literature search and that you have carried out appropriate reading

Here are examples of sources you might use and need to bookreference:

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Why do it?

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Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

What is citing?

When you have used an idea from a book, journal article or other source, you must acknowledge this in your text. We call this 'citing'.

Citing in the body of the text

cartoon man filling in suveyWhen you cite a piece of work you use a number which will correspond with the full details of the item which will be written in your reference list.  You can use brackets or superscript.

Example
The report [1] emphasises that the research was …

Example
The report1 emphasises that the research done by Holstein was in direct conflict with that produced by Greene.

If your information you refer to in your sentence(s) has come from several sources you must cite all of them.

Example
It has been proven that the research in this area is inconclusive 1,3,6-8 however Smith1 declares ….

TIP: Superscript If you are using Word you can either use the ‘footnote’ function – position your cursor where you want the number to be, then click on Insert / Referencing / Footnote  or type a number and highlight it, then click on Format / Font / Superscript

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

 

Quoting in the text

Often it is better to paraphrase than to use direct quotes. Paraphrasing is putting text from source material into your own words. This shows that you have understood the meaning and context of what you have read. You must always reference paraphrased material. If a direct quote from a source is used you must:

Example – one author
Simpson12 (p6) declared that "the explosive behaviour was unexpected." or
(Simpson12 p6) declared that the explosive behaviour was unexpected.

Example – more than one author
Simpson, et al.12 (p6) declared that the explosive behaviour was unexpected. or
(Simpson, et al. 12 p6) declared that the explosive behaviour was unexpected.

Example
Boden22 (p72) states:

The most common female crime prosecuted at the Quarter Sessions was that of battering men.  This would suggest that women were not the passive and obedient members of society that men would have liked to believe they were.Alternatively…

The most common female crime prosecuted at the Quarter Sessions was that of battering men.  This would suggest that women were not the passive and obedient members of society that men would have liked to believe they were.

(Boden22  p72)

Alternatively… Part of the original text may be omitted from the quotation as long as three dots are used to indicate this.

Example
Boden22 (p72) states:
The most common female crime prosecuted at the Quarter Sessions was that of battering men … women beating or dominating a man was a particularly sensitive issue as it threatened the perpetuation of the patriarchal society 

TIP: Consistency You can use [ ] or superscript. You can useSimpson12 (p6) or (Simpson12 p6) But do not switch between the two – always use the same format – be consistent!

Duplication of charts, diagrams or pictures should be treated as direct quotes in that the author(s) should be acknowledged and page numbers shown.

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

Multimedia and online resources

Electronic journal (eJournal) articles
When quoting directly from an eJournal article it should be treated in the same way as a paper journal, using the author’s surname and the publication date.

Web pages (WWW)

Example
The Department of Health6 (p3)  or  The Department of Health6 (no page no) 

If there is no author or corporate author use the title of the document as the main point of reference.

CD-Roms
If there is not an obvious author use the title of the CD-Rom as the main point of reference.

Example
Encyclopaedia Britannica6

Multimedia
If a video recording or audio-cassette is cited, the series title should be used as the “author”.

Example
World in Action3

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

Footnote or endnote list

This is a list of all the sources that have been cited in the assignment. The list is inclusive showing books, journals and other sources. listed in one list, not in separate lists according to source type.

 Examples

[1] Picard, J. Logistics and the Borg, Starbug Tribune, 36, 2004, pp 44-49.
[2] Ibid. p 45[3] Rymer, J. Smith, T. & Jones. E. Nottingham Forest - Dream Team, Blackwell, London, 2005. pp 67-98.
[4] Asperger's Syndrome. [Online] Available from: http://www.autism.org/asperger.html [Accessed 19th September 2002].
[5] Rymer, Op. Cit. p 94.

TIP: Footnote/endote list It will save a lot of time and frustration if you create your reference list as you go along. If you have been using the footnote function in Word then the numerical list will have automatically have been created for you.  Remember a specific format for each source type is required.

Now have a look at our list of examples.

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Creative Commons Licence
SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/