# Welcome to SMIRK Unit 5
Numerical referencing

- What is it?
- Why do it?
- What is citing?
- Quoting in the text
- Multimedia and online resources
- Footnote or endnote list
- Back to main index

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

# What is it?

Referencing is a way of acknowledging that you have used the ideas and written material belonging to another author. It demonstrates that you have undertaken an appropriate literature search and that you have carried out appropriate reading

#### Here are examples of sources you might use and need to reference:

- Books
- Journal articles
- Electronic journal articles
- Web pages
- Emails
- Video, films, audio and multimedia recordings
- Newspapers
- Conference papers
- Pamphlets
- Radio or TV broadcasts (you must check that your lecturer is happy for you to use this type of material in your assignment)
- Personal communication
- Interviews (if this is a personal interview, you must always ask permission of the interviewee before using such material)

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

# Why do it?

- so that anyone reading your assignments can trace the sources you have used in the development of your work
- if you do not acknowledge another writer's work or ideas, you could be accused of plagiarism
- accurate referencing is good academic practice and enhances the presentation of your work
- accurate referencing can improve your marks

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

# What is citing?

When you have used an idea from a book, journal article or other source, you must acknowledge this in your text. We call this 'citing'.

#### Citing in the body of the text

When you cite a piece of work you use a number which will correspond with the full details of the item which will be written in your reference list. You can use brackets or superscript.

Example
The report [1] emphasises that the research was …

Example
The report1 emphasises that the research done by Holstein was in direct conflict with that produced by Greene.

If your information you refer to in your sentence(s) has come from several sources you must cite all of them.

Example
It has been proven that the research in this area is inconclusive 1,3,6-8 however Smith1 declares ….

TIP: Superscript If you are using Word you can either use the ‘footnote’ function – position your cursor where you want the number to be, then click on Insert / Referencing / Footnote or type a number and highlight it, then click on Format / Font / Superscript

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

# Quoting in the text

Often it is better to paraphrase than to use direct quotes. Paraphrasing is putting text from source material into your own words. This shows that you have understood the meaning and context of what you have read. You must always reference paraphrased material. If a direct quote from a source is used you must:

- Use quotation marks. Either single or double quotation marks may be used but you should always be consistent and not switch between the two
- State the author
- If there is more than one author use ‘et al.’ after the first author
- State the page number

Example – one author
Simpson12 (p6) declared that "the explosive behaviour was unexpected." or
(Simpson12 p6) declared that “the explosive behaviour was unexpected.”

Example – more than one author
Simpson, et al.12 (p6) declared that “the explosive behaviour was unexpected.” or
(Simpson, et al. 12 p6) declared that “the explosive behaviour was unexpected.”

- Have a separate, indented paragraph for quotes over two lines.

Example
Boden22 (p72) states:

> ”The most common female crime prosecuted at the Quarter Sessions was that of battering men. This would suggest that women were not the passive and obedient members of society that men would have liked to believe they were.” Alternatively…

> “The most common female crime prosecuted at the Quarter Sessions was that of battering men. This would suggest that women were not the passive and obedient members of society that men would have liked to believe they were.”

> > (Boden22 p72)

Alternatively… Part of the original text may be omitted from the quotation as long as three dots are used to indicate this.

Example
Boden22 (p72) states:
“The most common female crime prosecuted at the Quarter Sessions was that of battering men … women beating or dominating a man was a particularly sensitive issue as it threatened the perpetuation of the patriarchal society …”

> TIP: Consistency You can use [ ] or superscript. You can useSimpson12 (p6) or (Simpson12 p6) But do not switch between the two – always use the same format – be consistent!

> Duplication of charts, diagrams or pictures should be treated as direct quotes in that the author(s) should be acknowledged and page numbers shown.

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

# Multimedia and online resources

Electronic journal (eJournal) articles
When quoting directly from an eJournal article it should be treated in the same way as a paper journal, using the author’s surname and the publication date.

#### Web pages (WWW)

- If the website has an obvious author and date of publication, the information should be cited like a any other source.
- If there is not an obvious author, but the work is situated on an organisational website, the organisation can be used as a ‘corporate author’

Example
The Department of Health6 (p3) or The Department of Health6 (no page no)

If there is no author or corporate author use the title of the document as the main point of reference.

CD-Roms
If there is not an obvious author use the title of the CD-Rom as the main point of reference.

Example
Encyclopaedia Britannica6

Multimedia
If a video recording or audio-cassette is cited, the series title should be used as the “author”.

Example
World in Action3

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

# Footnote or endnote list

This is a list of all the sources that have been cited in the assignment. The list is inclusive showing books, journals and other sources. listed in one list, not in separate lists according to source type.

- The list should be in numerical order and each number matches and refers to the one in the text
- The list should be at the end of your paper on a separate page
- Books, paper journals articles, eJournal articles and other sources are laid out in a particular format that must be followed.
- Ibid. can be used when the details of an item have been referred to directly before in the previous reference.
- Op. Cit. can be used when the details of an item have been referred to before but other references have occurred in between.

Examples

[1] Picard, J. Logistics and the Borg, Starbug Tribune, 36, 2004, pp 44-49.
[2] Ibid. p 45[3] Rymer, J. Smith, T. & Jones. E. Nottingham Forest - Dream Team, Blackwell, London, 2005. pp 67-98.
[4] Asperger's Syndrome. [Online] Available from: http://www.autism.org/asperger.html [Accessed 19th September 2002].
[5] Rymer, Op. Cit. p 94.

TIP: Footnote/endote list It will save a lot of time and frustration if you create your reference list as you go along. If you have been using the footnote function in Word then the numerical list will have automatically have been created for you. Remember a specific format for each source type is required.

Now have a look at our list of examples.

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/