# Welcome to SMIRK Unit
5 - Harvard referencing

- What is referencing?
- Why do it?
- What is citing?
- Citing in the body of the text
- Citing from chapters written by different authors and
  secondary referencing
- Quoting in the text
- Citing from an interview, personal communication,
  multimedia or online resources
- Reference list and bibliography
- Which format to use
- What is a bibliography?
- Frequently asked questions (FAQs)
- Back to main index

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

# What is referencing?

Referencing is a way of acknowledging that you have used the ideas and written material belonging to another author. It shows that you have undertaken an appropriate literature search and that you have carried out appropriate reading

Here are examples of sources you might use and need to reference:

- Books
- Journal articles
- Electronic journal articles
- Web pages
- Emails
- Video, films, audio recordings and other multimedia items
- Newspapers
- Conference papers
- Pamphlets
- Radio and TV broadcasts (you must check that your lecturer is happy for you to use this type of material in your assignment)
- Personal communication
- Interviews (if this is a personal interview, you must always ask permission of the interviewee before using such material)

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

# Why do it?

- so that anyone reading your assignments can trace the sources you have used in the development of your work
- if you do not acknowledge another writer's work or ideas, you could be accused of plagiarism
- accurate referencing is good academic practice and enhances the presentation of your work
- accurate referencing can improve your marks

Watch this useful video from Dr Jane McKay of the Academic Development Centre in the School of Health and Life Sciences. It answers frequently asked questions on referencing, but bear in mind it is aimed at social work students. Always check your own school and course guidelines!

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

# What is citing?

When you have used an idea from a book, journal article or other source, you must acknowledge this in your text. We refer to this as 'citing'.

When you cite someone else’s work, you must always state the author or editor and the date of publication. If the work has two authors or editors you must cite both names when citing in the body of your own work. Only use the author and date; do not include the title, place of publication, and other information, because these full details of the item are written in your reference list at the end of your essay.

The next few pages will gave you examples of how to do it!

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

# Citing in the body of
the text

- When you cite a piece of work you must always state the author or editor and the date of publication.
- If the work has two authors or editors you must cite both names. You only use the author and date: do not include the title, place of publication and other information.
- The full details of the item are written in your reference list at the end of your assignment.

Here are some examples:

- 1 author
  The work of Smith (2002) emphasises that the research was ...
- 2 authors
  The work of Theakston and Boddington (2001) emphasises that the research was ...
- Paraphrased text
  There is some considerable debate concerning this research (Theakston and Boddington 2001) Highlighted is …

If the work has three or more authors or editors, you should use the abbreviation 'et al.' after the first author's name. Here are some examples:

- Authors cited in the body of your text
  The work of Smith et al. (2002) emphasises that the research was undisputable. Theakston and Boddington (2001) however, considered that ...
- Paraphrasing in the body of your text
  Furthermore, the argument presented was not convincing, causing further debate which led to the postponement of any decision on the refurbishment of the building (Smith et al. 2006)

If you cite an item which has the same author and was written in the same year as an earlier citation you must use a lower case letter after the date to differentiate between the two. Here's an example:

- Same author, same year but different work
  The work of Smith (2002a) emphasises that the research done by Holstein was in direct conflict with that produced by Greene.

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

# Citing from chapters and
secondary referencing

#### Citing from chapters written by different authors

Some books may contain chapters written by different authors. When citing work from such a book, the author who wrote the chapter should be cited, not the editor of the book.

#### Secondary referencing

Secondary references are when an author refers to another author's work and the primary source is not available. When citing such work the author of the primary source and the author of the work it was cited in should be used.

> Example

> Ellis (1990 cited in Cox 1991), discusses ...

Top tip: Secondary referencing should be avoided if possible.

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

# Quoting in the text

Often it is better to paraphrase than to use direct quotes. Paraphrasing is putting text from source material into your own words. This demonstrates that you have understood the meaning and context of what you have read. You must always reference paraphrased material.

If a direct quote from a book, article, or other source, is used you must:

- Use quotation marks. Either single or double quotation marks may be used but you should always be consistent and not switch between the two.
- State the page number.

#### Example – Short quotation

Simpson (2002: p.6) declared that “the explosive behaviour was unexpected.”

Have a separate, indented paragraph for quotes over two lines.

#### Example – Long quotation

Boden (1998: p.72) states:

> “In 1664, the most common female crime prosecuted at the Quarter Sessions was that of battering men. This would suggest that women were not the passive and obedient members of society that men would have liked to believe they were.”

> Alternatively…

> “In 1664 the most common female crime prosecuted at the Quarter Sessions was that of battering men. This would suggest that women were not the passive and obedient members of society that men would have liked to believe they were.”
> (Boden 1998: p.72)

> Alternatively…

Part of the original text may be omitted from the quotation as long as three dots are used to indicate this.

Example – Indicating that some words are omitted from the quotation

Boden (1998: p.72) states:

> “In 1664 the most common female crime prosecuted at the Quarter Sessions was that of battering men … women beating or dominating a man was a particularly sensitive issue as it threatened the perpetuation of the patriarchal society …”

Duplication of charts, diagrams, pictures and so on. should be treated as direct quotes in that the author(s) should be acknowledged and page numbers shown; both in your text where the diagram is discussed or introduced, an in the caption you write for it.

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

# Citing from an interview,
personal
communication,
multimedia and online
resources

#### Citing from an interview or personal communication

When citing from an interview always use the surname of the interviewee or practitioner and the year the interview took place.

#### Citing and quoting from multi-media and online resources

Electronic journal (eJournal) articles

When citing from an eJournal article it should be treated in the same way as a paper journal, using the author's surname and the publication date.
Web page (WWW)
If the website has an obvious author and date of publication, the information should be cited like a book or journal article. If there is not an obvious author, but the work is situated on an organisational website, the organisation can be used as a 'corporate author'. Example:

> The Department of Health (2003)

If there is no author or corporate author use the title of the document as the main point of reference.

CD-Roms
If there is not an obvious author use the title of the CD-Rom as the main point of reference. Example:

> Encyclopaedia Britannica (2001)

Multimedia
If a video or DVD recording or audio-cassette is cited, the series title should be used as the author. Example:

> World in Action (2002)

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

# Reference list and
bibliography

The reference list is a list of all the sources that have been cited in the assignment. You should check the terminology used as it may vary by school or department (it may be called a bibliography instead of a reference list). Look in your module handbook or ask your tutor. The list is inclusive showing books, journals, and other items, listed in one list, not in separate lists according to source type.

- The list should be in alphabetical order by author or editor.
- Books, paper journals articles, eJournal articles, and other sources, are laid out in a particular format that must be followed.

Your reference list contains all the items you have cited or directly quoted from.

Example of a reference list page at the end of your written coursework item.

> Reference List
> Edelson, S. no date, Asperger’s Syndrome, [Online] Available from: http://www.autism.org/asperger.html [Accessed 19th September 2002].

> Life on Campus. 2006, [DVD], Imperial College London, London.

> Picard, J. 2001, Logistics and the Borg, Starbug Tribune, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 44 – 49.

> Rymer, J., Smith, T. & Jones, E. 2001, Nottingham Forest – Dream Team, Blackwell, London.

> World in Action. 1995, All work and no play, [Video: VHS] London, ITV, 21st January.

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

# Which format to use

The layout for each type of publication is given on the next section. The largest schools in GCU, (Glasgow School for Business and Society and the former School of Health and Social Care) are now moving away from using an amended form of Harvard referencing (known as GCU Harvard). If you are using RefWorks bibliographic software, you should use the ‘GCU Harvard’ styles which follow a similar format to this guide. Check with your lecturer whether they have moved to using standard Harvard referencing. Guidance and training on referencing styles is avilable from your librarian. Other forms of referencing used at GCU are:

- Forensic investigation uses APA (American Psychological Association) format
- History uses Chicago format. This is a numerical system of referencing. More information is available in the Chicago Manual of Style, on the library shelves at 808.02 C34
- Law uses Oscola referencing
- Psychology uses APA (American Psychological Association) format
- Other schools may prefer you to use an unamended version of Harvard referencing or Vancouver Referencing.

#### Always show your tutor a sample reference list or bibliography to confirm it is in the format they want.

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

# What is a bibliography?

Some schools prefer to know if there are items which you have consulted for your work, but not cited. You should always check with your tutor or the module handbook to see if this is required. You should also check the terminology used (it may be called a reference list instead of a bibliography). These can be listed at the end of your assignment in a bibliography. These items should be listed in alphabetical order by author and laid out in the same way as items in your reference list. If you can cite from every source you consulted, you will only need a reference list. If you wish to show to your reader (examiner) the unused research you carried out, the bibliography will show your extra effort.

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/

# Frequently asked
questions

Question: What do I do if the publication has no date?
Answer: You write ‘no date’ in brackets

Question: What if there is no obvious author for an item on the Web?
Answer: You can use the organisation whose website it is as the corporate author.
If there is no author and it is not a site belonging to an organisation - should you be using the information?

Question: There is no obvious publisher or place of publication, what should I do?
Answer: If you have publishing details you should write 'mimeo' in place of publisher and publication date.
Question: Can I mix referencing styles?
Answer: No. You must only use one referencing style, be consistent!

Question: What is the difference between a bibliography and a reference list?
Answer: A reference list is a list of all the sources you have cited from. A bibliography is a list of items you have read but not cited. This definition can vary by school - check with your tutor!

If you are unsure of the layout of a source in your reference list check the reference layout. If a type of source you have used is not listed please contact your librarian

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SMIRK by Imperial College, Loughborough University and the University of Worcester, modified by Marion Kelt Glasgow Caledonian University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://www.gcu.ac.uk/library/SMILE/